Memory problems
- Ari Manor
- Dr. Nati Blum
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When is it "normal" forgetfulness, when is it a warning sign, and what can be done?
Memory problems are among the most common complaints in middle-aged and older adults. Sometimes they result from overload, lack of sleep, or stress; at other times, they reflect a decline that warrants medical evaluation. This guide provides an overview of the types of memory problems, their causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment — as well as two “exotic” phenomena that may surprise you.
Types of memory problems – not all are the same
- Attention and working memory: Difficulty “holding” information for a few seconds-minutes (instructions, numbers). Sometimes this is an attention problem that feels like a memory problem.
- Short-term memory: Forgetting new events, conversations and meetings from recent days, repeating the same questions, or difficulty learning anything new.
- Retrieving words and names: A feeling of "it's on the tip of the tongue." Catharsis in retrieving words and names can be normal, but when it is frequent and interferes with communication - it is worth checking.
- Functional memory: Difficulty performing familiar tasks (medication, money, devices). This is already a red flag.
What is considered “normal forgetfulness” and what is more worrisome?
“Normal” forgetfulness usually does not impair independence: for example, forgetting where you put your glasses and then finding them, or forgetting the name of an actor and remembering it a few minutes later. On the other hand, warning signs are:
- Persistent difficulty getting around
- Dangerous mistakes (such as medication confusion)
- Frequent repetition of the same questions
- A fundamental change that manifests itself at home and at work
If you feel that “something has changed” over time – it is important to get a medical checkup and clarification.
What causes memory problems?
Common and sometimes reversible causes
- Lack of sleep, stress and mental strain.
- Depression and anxiety – can impair memory and concentration, and sometimes appear “like dementia.”
- Certain medications (especially sedatives/anti-anxiety medications and some anticholinergic medications), alcohol, and sometimes a complex combination of medications.
- Hearing loss – when you don't hear well, less information is encoded.
- Deficiencies and medical problems such as B12 deficiency or hypothyroidism.
- An acute condition called דליריום (Acute confusion): For example, following an infection, dehydration, or a new medication – this is a condition that requires rapid testing.
Neurological factors
- MCI (Mild cognitive decline): Intermediate state – there is a noticeable decline in memory and/or thinking, but most daily functioning is maintained.
- dementia (including Alzheimer's and other dementias) and cerebrovascular diseases.
Rare and fascinating phenomena related to memory
- Transient global amnesia: A seizure in which a person is unable to encode new memories for hours, repeatedly asks “What happened?”, and then usually recovers.
Hyperthymesia: A rare, reverse condition, in which people remember many days of their lives in great detail.
What can be done to prevent and reduce the risk of memory problems?
- Regular physical activity (walking, strength and balance).
- Balance blood pressure, sugar and fats.
- Quality sleep and treatment for sleep apnea when needed.
- Social life, meaning, and activity that gently challenges the brain.
- Hearing test and hearing aid fitting when necessary.
- Review medications with a doctor, especially if there is dizziness/drowsiness/confusion
- In MCI, for example, it is common to emphasize testing for risk factors and treating modifiable factors, including medications that impair thinking.
When is it recommended to see a doctor for a diagnosis when you have memory problems?
It is worth consulting a doctor (family doctor/geriatrician/neurologist) if memory problems Worsening over time, Impairs daily functioning (money, medication, driving, orientation), or if Family members note a clear change.
It is recommended to come with a close person who can describe everyday examples, because sometimes those around them recognize the change earlier. (The diagnosis usually includes a structured conversation, brief cognitive tests, blood tests to rule out reversible factors, and sometimes a neuropsychological assessment and imaging.)
How are memory problems treated?
Treatment depends on the cause:
- When it comes to forgetting temporarily Correct reversible factors (sleep, mood, hearing, nutritional deficiencies, medications)
- When it comes toMCI Follow and at the same time improve your lifestyle
- In my situation dementia We combine medical care as needed with adjustments at home, a clear routine and memory aids (calendar, reminders, labeling cabinets) – and support for family members who provide care.
When should you see a doctor urgently?
Sudden confusion, speech disorder, weakness/numbness on one side, a fall with a head injury, or a sharp change in behavior – require urgent examination.
The support of the EMDA Association
If you are caring for a family member with cognitive decline or dementia: Don't be alone. Professional guidance and support can make a big difference – for both you and them. At EMDA you can get information and guidance for families who are caring. You can consult with us for free on the helpline. 8889*.
The authors of the article
Ari Manor He is the CEO of the consulting firm ZOOZ, Strategy and Marketing Manager atEMDA Association and an expert in strategy, marketing, AI and innovation. He holds a Master's degree (M.Sc) in human genetics, as part of the Interdisciplinary Excellence Track at Tel Aviv University. As a serial entrepreneur, Ari has founded several impact projects for the benefit of the public, including Social psychometric in Israel, and the CureFacts project, which makes scientific information about medical treatments accessible to the general public in the US.
Dr. Nati Blum is the CEO of EMDA and holds a PhD in psychology from the University of Sacramento. Her doctoral thesis focused on face-to-face group therapy versus virtual group therapy. In her role at EMDA, she harnesses her professional and managerial experience to lead efforts to improve the quality of life of those dealing with dementia, promote their rights, and raise public awareness of the phenomenon in Israel.